Biopsychosocial Perspectives of Learning

Biopsychosocial Perspectives of Learning John Sweeney Abstract Human-beings are ever learning throughout their lifetime. Many processes go into the formation of the material in which they learn. There are many aspects in learning from biological to psychological factors as well as social and environmental factors. Some learning is inherited genetically for survival while other forms of learning are through psychological cognitive processes while other types of learning can be accidental or incidental. Human-beings also tend to learn from the environment in which they inhabit as well as through social interactions. When an individual chooses to understand how the fundamentals of the learning process works the biopsychosocial model is best for explaining these reasons. When most people think about learning they think about student- teacher roles and educational classroom setting. Many people do not realize all that goes into an individuals ability to learn behind the scenes. It’s what is going on inside of the individual which is unseen that makes human learning a unique extraordinary process. From genetics to mental functions of the brain and social influences an individual is equipped with the necessary genetic make-up, mindset and settings to be an ever learning product of their environment. There are various theories of psychology which suggest what an individual learns, when an individual learns, where an individual learns, why an individual learns and how an individual learns. These theories in themselves show the unique ability of the human thinking, reasoning, perspective and learning processes in which the human brain is capable of. Biological Factors Biological factors such as genetics suggest that brain chemistry, brain structure, and genetic abnormalities are responsible for human behavior. Effects of how an individual learns begin before he/she is even born. While still in the womb the fetus is still forming to develop as is the foundation being set for the child’s learning ability. For example there are many different types of intelligence in which a child will inherit from their parents. This inheritance of biological genes from the parent will set the foundation for the child’s personality, temperament, intellectual potential and cognitive abilities among other traits. An evolutionist will argue learning is biologically inherited for survival of the species. Recent years and technology has shed light on the genetic makeup and some of the genes which are responsible for being involved in an individual’s ability of learning. One such example of a genetic inheritance is the dopaminergic genes in which human genetic polymorphism (DRD2-TAQIA), a neurotransmitter modulates dopamine D2 receptor density. Probabilistic learning, task, behavioral and computational results stem from this dopaminergic neurotransmission. Researchers have been able to pinpoint both positive and negative learning outcomes which can be predicted in genes associated with Polymorphisms striatal dopamine function (Hutchison et al., 2011). It has long been argued if learning stems from nature or nurture. Nature is involved through genetic imprinting in which an evolutionist would explain mammal behavior in which a mammal would mimic the parent’s behavior by autoshaping of an experience such as with avoidance and acceptance behaviors. Human-beings however differ as they learn through biologically predisposed associations. For example scientists have tied fear to the basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA) region of the brain. A behaviorist would argue that conditioned stimuli (CSs) when associated with unconditioned stimuli (UCs) would cause the undesired outcome association of fear. The same can be assumed that any stimulus could be associated with another stimulus with equal ease such as in the case of learning. However, scientific evidence of biologically predisposed associations needs to be taken into consideration of the adaptive function of selective associations such as within the learning process. Researche rs suggest amygdala neurons have specific microcircuits and cell signaling dynamics which ensure that associations provide significant survival benefits which activate neurons in a convergent fashion and generate prompt learning (Chung et al., 2011). This would explain a more complex theory opposed to simple conditioned stimuli (CSs) and unconditioned stimuli (UCs) associations. Psychological Factors There are many theories on the psychology of learning from Behaviorism, Cognitive theory, Humanistic perspective, Social learning perspective and Instructional theories. Since Cognitive theory is the most widely accepted theory this approach will be utilized. Cognitive psychologist look at four general principles of the human learning process which consist of an assumption of a limited capacity of one’s ability to learn, a control mechanism that is required to regulate one’s learning, a two-way flow of information between the learner and the material being learned and being genetically prepared to process and organize information in specific ways. These psychological principles set the foundation of an individual’s ability to learn. Since the mental system has limits on how much information can be processed the encoding, transformation, processing, storage, retrieval and utilization of information of the mental system must be overseen by a control mechanism to regulate processing power of a newly learned task. The mental system is also responsible for information gathered and stored in memory and distinctively separates the information by what information is real and what information is imagination or fantasy as well as inductive and deductive reasoning (Huitt, 2013). Other learning theories suggest the conceptual framework in which human-beings interpret what they learn and observe. For example Behaviorism focuses purely on observational learning whereas Cognitive theory explains the brains processes of brain-based learning goes beyond observations and associations. Constructivism on the other hand focuses on the learner’s process of learning through creativity and individual constructed ideas or concepts. One way of looking at learning would be to combine all three of these theories into one. A theory of learning which comes close to doing so is the Transformative learning theory in which human-beings are believed to revise and reinterpret meaning. Since interpreting and meaning varies among individuals in the way they see their worlds, Transformative learning theory focuses on cognitive processes in which human-beings may reject emotions, associations and concepts which are not compatible with their own personal values (Taylor, 2001). Ho wever, just like with any other theory there are limits and critics of Transformative learning theory. Social Factors As mentioned earlier the long time debate of whether nature or nurture was responsible for learning, nurture indeed does play part just as nature does in the human learning process. Social, cultural and environmental factors influence an individual’s learning in many ways such as with interactions, perspectives and content of the new material being introduced. It is believed nurture is responsible for many mental functions such as memory, attention and the capacity to make associations for individuals to make sense of their surrounding environments. Natural mental functions such as the ones mentioned above can be acquired through the process of incidental learning. Incidental learning is the process in which new material was learned in which no learning was ever intended. Children for example are easily susceptible to incidental learning due to natural mental functioning (Kristinsdà ³ttir, 2008). Other social factors that contribute to an individual’s learning process can be environmental such as the individual’s socioeconomic status as well as sociodemographics. An indicator of an individual’s ability of learning and education level is largely associated with the individual’s environmental setting. Stimulating environmental settings has been shown to significantly promote learning. Research has shown experiences a child experiences at home will influence and transfer to the classroom. Sociodemographics of children of lower socioeconomic status tend to have poor transitioning into the educational system. One reason for the poor transitioning from home to school of these children may be due to socioeconomic disparities among families which largely effects family and school relationships which results in inconsistencies of childhood learning (Crosnoe et al., 2010). Conclusion Human-beings are unique and complex in the way they learn when compared to other species as they are consciously aware of themselves. All factors of biological, psychological and sociological aspects have an impact on how an individual will learn. From early childhood to late adulthood and beyond, one thing for certain is human-beings are constantly learning. Human-beings learn from one another, their environment, technology and natural instincts. Whether it is due to hereditary genes, psychological mental processes or social interactions, human-beings have the ability to learn, interpret and decide what they choose to or not to learn. Human-beings also have the unique ability of perceptiveness of what they learn. In result an individual’s perspective can alter or change another individual’s perspective of the way new material is learned, obtained or altered. References Chung, A., Barot, S. K., Kim, J. J., Bernstein, I. L. (2011). Biologically Predisposed Learning and Selective Associations in Amygdala Neurons. Learning Memory, 18(6), 371-374. Crosnoe, R., Leventhal, T., Wirth, R. J., Pierce, K. M., Pianta, R. C. (2010). Family Socioeconomic Status and Consistent Environmental Stimulation in Early Childhood. Child Development, 81(3), 972-987. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01446.x Doll, B., Hutchison, K., Frank, M. (2011). Dopaminergic genes predict individual differences in susceptibility to confirmation bias. The Journal Of Neuroscience: The Official Journal Of The Society For Neuroscience, 31(16), 6188-6198. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6486-10.2011 Huitt, W. (2003). The information processing approach to cognition. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved August 13, 2014 from, http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/cognition/infoproc.html Kristinsdà ³ttir, S., (2008). Social factors of learning and education. Retrieved August 16, 2014 http://mennta.hi.is/starfsfolk/solrunb/socfac.htm Taylor, E., W. (2001). Transformative Learning Theory: A Neurobiological Perspective of the Role of Emotions and Unconscious Ways of Knowing. International Journal of Lifelong Education 20 (3): 218–236. doi:10.1080/02601370110036064

Impact of Technology on Business Essay

Every functioning business in the world today uses some sort of technology in order to help them accomplish their goals. Before the age of technology, it was much harder for businesses to thrive because it was harder for them to advertise to their customers, communicate with their business partners, store information, and much more. Today businesses have all those things, and it has never been easier to start up a business, maintain it, and have your business prosper because technology is there to help. Technological advancements have made positive impacts in the business world in ways such as computers, transportation development, and smart phones. Computers and the Internet have helped businesses thrive more and more through out the years. They have done this in many ways, including making it easier to communicate through Emails, storing information without breaking a sweat, allowing businesses the opportunity to have a online store, and making it easier to start up a business successfully by researching your market needs and identifying your consumers. A research done by the Radicati Group said that â€Å"there are over three billion active Emails in the world today, and there is projected to be over 4 billion e-mails by 2014. † (Radicati, Sara. â€Å"Email Statistics Report. â€Å") This means that more and more people in our world today are becoming tech-savvy, which is good for businesses all across the globe. A countless amount of businesses today use Email as a form of communication between them and their business partners, their own business employees and their customers. Firms Email their customers to keep in touch with them, and remind them that they value their customers. Businesses also Email their customers to inform them of sales, special deals, and new products. Emails also help businesses by helping them communicate to their employees and their business partners. Businesses use Emails to communicate almost all of the time, they use Email for their everyday communication of business goals and even for times of crisis. Another study from the Radicati Group said that there are about 294 billion Emails sent per day, and that a majority of those Emails are sent by businesses. Radicati, Sara. â€Å"Email Statistics Report. â€Å") Email is a very reliable and speedy form of communication that is used by businesses and without it businesses wouldn’t be the same. Another use for computers that has had a significant impact on businesses in today’s world is digital storage. Businesses are able to store information such as their customer’s information, financial data, and future business plans. An article from Marketingzone. com said â€Å"most important part of marketing is collecting and saving customer information. (â€Å"How to Collect and Save Customer Information | MarketingZone. â€Å") A customer’s information includes things such as phone numbers, home addresses, and Emails. The reason this information about the businesses’ customers is so important is because it is essential to keep a customer’s interest in the company. With phone numbers, the firm is able to call or text their customers and advertise or let them know of a special sale. Storing a customer’s home address is a very significant way for businesses to advertise because it helps enable a way to advertise through mail. Advertising through mail is extremely effective because it makes it so the customer can have a physical relationship with the advertisement, the customer has to pick up the mail and look through it, therefore, the firm makes sure that they are seeing the information given in the advertisement. Having a customer’s Email address is important because it helps the business communicate with their customers while allowing them to do more such as sending links with more information or links to the businesses website. The Internet has allowed many businesses to create their own personalized website and online store. These websites are extremely helpful for today’s businesses because it allows their customers to search and browse inventory, compare products on the website, and then choose and order a product online and have it shipped to the customer’s home address. Purchasing desired products has never been easier thanks to the Internet. These websites have made it so convenient for consumers and also have lower prices than the store. An essay titled â€Å"The Internet Has Helped Businesses Reduce Overhead Costs in the Wholesale Industry† stated that online websites and stores have increased the annual revenue of many businesses, and is becoming a necessity for businesses to have. (Genco. â€Å"The Internet Has Helped Businesses Reduce Overhead Costs in the Wholesale Industry. â€Å") The Internet has also helped businesses flourish by enabling them to research their market needs and help them start-up successfully. Before starting up a business it is essential for a business to discover the geographic and demographic of the potential market. Businesses need to research the best location to open up their store and what their typical customer is like in terms of gender, age, and social class. This research is made easier with the help of the Internet, and without having the Internet; businesses would have a much harder start-up process. Computers and the Internet are two technological advancements that have improved the world of business. These two genius inventions have helped businesses in marketing, communication, start up, and just their every day process of running a business and with the help of these inventions, the business world will continue to blossom. Technological advancements in transportation have greatly escalated today’s businesses by getting rid of trade barriers, and with shipping. Transportation has greatly progressed businesses because it helped the business world get rid of the trade barriers that restricted its full potential. With the introduction of cars, planes and boats, businesses have been able reach out to other countries and make business partners and long lasting relationships with other nations. These forms of transportation helped ensure that all isolated countries in the world would begin to come out of their shell, and begin trading and making business agreements with the rest of the world. If it weren’t for transportation and the globalization of industries, the businesses in the US wouldn’t be able to benefit off of what other countries have to offer such as labor, resources, and property. Labor in different countries may benefit a firm because in poverty-stricken countries jobs are scarce and many inhabitants are willing to work for low wages, and since it is in a different country, there are no minimum wage issues and the firm saves money. This is called outsourcing, a process where businesses contract jobs in foreign nations, thus allowing them to pay cheap wages and expand their product globally at the same time. Businesses also expand globally now by seeking out country’s natural or manmade resources such as oil, coal, copper, gold, timber, iron, mercury or precious stones and gems. All of these resources can be beneficial to businesses and that’s what makes all of these resources desirable. A report written by Julliete Jowit said â€Å"The Living Planet report calculates that humans are using 30% more resources than the Earth can replenish each year, which is leading to deforestation, degraded soils, polluted air and water, and dramatic declines in numbers of fish and other species. † (Jowit, Julliete. ) This means that more and more businesses are looking to other countries to help with the need for natural esources. In certain countries, their most desired attribute is land. Land is a very crucial component to a businesses success because each firm needs property to build their manufacturing sight, and in some cases the land is needed in order to make prerequisite commodities for their final product in order to cut out the middle man and save money. Land in other countries also plays a huge role in the multiplying of franchise names, which include fast food restaurants, clothing stores, and many other stores. An example of a fast food chain that has expanded throughout the world is McDonald’s. McDonald’s Fast food restaurant serves over 64 million people every day in over 31,000 restaurants in 119 diverse countries. (â€Å"McDonald’s. † Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. ) Without the evolution of transportation and the reduction of trade barriers and other restrictions on foreign countries, franchises and other companies would not be capable of extending over the world. Shipping is another way that the invention of high-speed transportation has transformed the world of business. Having the capability to send products across the globe in just a few days is extremely helpful to every company and it’s customers. It assists businesses in spreading popularity, and also helps businesses sell more of their products. Distributing products through transportation has increased brand name awareness for many companies by increasing their popularity. With the help of shipping, more and more firms have been able to distribute their products all over the world, to a variety of different customers, which has severely increased their popularity. The progression of shipping has allowed companies to sell more of their products because it helps them distribute their products to customers who aren’t close to a store that sells the merchandise. 34 Percent of all shoppers prefer to buy their commodities on the Internet and through online shopping, and 80 percent of online buyers were motivated to buy through the Internet because of shipping. (Charleton, Graham 34% of Shoppers Prefer to Buy Online: Report) Shipping offers a sense of convenience to some purchasers because it allows them to buy merchandise without going out to help with their busy schedules. Technological advancements in the transportation industry have helped businesses achieve more sales, get better brand recognition, gain more customers, and create more business partners. The invention and development of smart phones has assisted businesses by making it extremely easy to communicate with partners, deal with doubts and complaints of customers, and has also helped with smart phone applications. Smart phones such as iPhones, Blackberries, and Droids are essential equipment to businesses men and women because they help them communicate. These smart phones help business men keep in contact with their coworkers and business partners by allowing them to call, text or email while on the go. Collaborating with coworkers and business associates is made easy because all they need to do to call, text or email their significant other to keep up with their work. The ease of communicating between business associates allows many businessmen to work while they are at home, on vacation, or anywhere for that matter. Smartphones can help business productivity by providing the means for employees and entrepreneurs and owners to stay in touch with their primary contacts even while away from their place of business. This allows enterprises to grow even while on the move, which gives them a very competitive advantage in today’s world. † (How Smartphone Help Business Productivity | Planet Antares Scam Tips. ) Smart phones also help through means of communication because they allow companies to video chat. Video chat has dramatically increased the efficiency of businesses by allowing them to have a business meeting, even while they are 10,000 miles apart. Video chat is used between all types of business associates and gives all companies a sense of convenience. An article from Huddle. com said â€Å"A company could have an office in China, one in the UK, and one in the US, and they can all collaborate on projects as if they were in the same office together. † (Eddington, Joe. â€Å"How Can Web Conferencing Help Your Business? | Huddle’s Blog. â€Å") Video chat also helps businesses save money by allowing them to communicate and have business meetings without having to travel to a different country or state. Communicating through smart phones has also enables customers to call, email or even video chat with companies when they have a complaint or problem with a product. When a customer has a predicament, it is a simple as either a phone call or email to the company to help them go through trouble-shooting steps to solve their problem. â€Å"Business Support Systems (BSS), and Operation Support Systems (OSS) are two types of support offered by today’s businesses that are essential to help create and maintain customer relationships. (BSS: Business Support System | NetworkDictionary. ) Another way that businesses show support to their customers is by offering live video chat support. Many businesses have live chat links on their company’s website, which allow customers to have a one on one conversation to solve their problem. All of these benefits are given to consumers thanks to the advancements of smart phones. Contrary to the benefits of communication from smart phones, the ability to use applications on iPhones, Blackberries and Droids have also had a significant outcome on today’s firms. Applications on these smart phones assist consumers by allowing the companies to service their customers through the app, or by letting customers purchase merchandise through the application. IPhone, blackberry, and Droid apps all help businesses service to their customers by allowing them to conveniently use the service given from the company on their smart phone. An example is the banking company â€Å"Chase†, who allows their customers to deposit check and transfer money to different peoples accounts through their smart phone apps. (Bruene, Jim. â€Å"Chase Bank’s Jot App Shows the Future of Mobile Transaction Processing (NetBanker). ) By allowing these services through their applications, businesses like Chase Banking help create a positive relationship with their customers. An essay titled â€Å"The Effectiveness Of Branded Mobile Phone Apps† said â€Å"Smart phone apps focus attention on the user, and therefore encourages making personal connections with the brand. † (Duane, Varan, et al. â€Å"The Effectiveness Of Branded Mobile Phone Apps. â€Å") These applications don’t just allow their customers to enjoy services offered by companies, but they also empower their customer to purchase goods with the help of apps. An article written by Christina Warren said, â€Å"Over the last few years, in-app purchases have become an increasingly common way for mobile app developers to enhance their mobile products and services. † (Warren, Christina. â€Å"4 Ways In-App Purchasing Will Change Mobile. â€Å") Many big name clothing brands, equipment-selling companies, and even restaurants allow smart phone users to purchase their product through smart phone apps. An example is Dominoes, whose app lets users order and pay for pizza all with the help of their apps. Dominoes made over 1. million dollars off their iPhone application last year. (Kats, Rimma. â€Å"Domino’s Pizza IPhone App Generates More than $1. 3M in Sales. â€Å") Smart phone applications have changed businesses all over the world by allowing them to sell their products and services through the benefits of their applications. Smart phones have helped businesses become more effective by allowing them to communicate between business associates and customers and with the help of applications. Technological advancements have helped businesses develop and progress through out the years of the technology era. These developments include computers and the Internet, the improvements in transportation, and the inventions of smart phones. These inventions and creations have helped businesses sell more of their products and services, helped create brand awareness for companies, and assisted in creating and maintaining positive relationships with their customers. A world without technology would make a huge difference in business because without technology, these companies wouldn’t have Emails, computer storage, online stores, globalization of their company, shipping, rapid communication or smart phone applications.

Madame Loisel from “The Necklace” Essay

Madame Loisel is unhappy because she is ashamed of her social standing. Madam Loisel has always dreamed of a luxurious life with servants and such, and is unhappy because she is not wealthy. She becomes even more upset when she is invited to a ball. It upsets her because she thinks she has nothing to wear which is appropriate for the occasion. Then she is upset because she doesn’t have appropraite jewelry. However the base of both of those complaints is that she is unhappy in her social standing. She was a pretty and charming girl, who thought that she should have been born into a life of luxury. But instead, she was born with parents who were â€Å"employees.† Because of this, she was dissatisfied with everything about her life. She did not like the way her house looked, she did not like the food they had. She was not even satisfied with her maid because she wasn’t high class enough either. She thinks that if all her stuff were high class, she’d be happy. It is perfectly natural for people to want what they can’t have, whether it is an expensive item of some kind of forbidden fruit. Such is the case with Madame Loisel in Guy de Maupassant’s shortMme. Loisel was envious of her friend and anyone else who had more than what she had. She felt that she deserved these things. My first example of Mathilde Loisel’s selfishness is â€Å"She had no clothes, no jewels, nothing. And these were the only things she loved; she felt that she was made for them.† (p.133). These sentences show how materialistic Mathilde is and how selfish she is for caring only about gaining these things for herself. She didn’t show any care for her husband who despite their humble living, seemed to be a caring and loving husband who kept a positive attitude about things. She held her love for materialistic objects so high that it consumed her and occupied her mind. My second example of Mathilde’s selfishness is â€Å"Nothing. Only I haven’t a dress and so I can’t go to this party.

Curriculum Development And Evaluation Timeline Essay

EDCI 7510 Curriculum Development and Evaluation Timeline of Curriculum Development in the United States Lisa Bevens Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, USA Purpose The purpose of this timeline is to demonstrate the changes made in the educational system of the United States as described by Wiles and Bondi in Curriculum Development in a Global Age. This timeline will focus on different eras of time from the Evolutionary Era, to the Modern Era, to the Postmodern Era. This timeline will also include important dates regarding the development of special education in the United States as that is an area of interest for the author. Evolutionary Era In 1647, the Old Deluder Satan Act was enacted to establish schools. The early settlers believed that the â€Å"Bible must be read to ward off the work of the Devil, and so the first known education regulation† was established (Wiles and Bondi, 2015, p. 10). Benjamin Franklin believed that our country needed strong citizen part icipation (Wiles and Bondi, 2015, p. 10) in our government. As a result, schools were created to â€Å"develop a ‘literate citizen’ capable of participating in acts of governance for the common good† (Wiles and Bondi, 2015, p. 10). Schools were established in colonial America to â€Å"bring about desired changes in society† (Wiles and Bondi, 2015, p. 10). In 1839, Horace Mann established the first teacher-training institution (Wiles and Bondi, 2015, p. 11). Mann â€Å"†¦advocated schooling that was universal, free, andShow MoreRelatedStandard Two : Planning And Evaluation1180 Words   |  5 PagesSTANDARD TWO: PLANNING AND EVALUATION The University carries out its mission to students, businesses, and communities by employing comprehensive and broad-based planning and evaluation activities. 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